An Alphabetical List of GRE Words [most recent: A]
Submitted by diaskeaus on Thu, 06/14/2007 - 06:06
Tags:
- Abase: lower; degrade; humiliate; make humble; make (oneself) lose self-respect
- abash: embarrass
- abate: subside or moderate
- abbreviate: shorten
- abdicate: renounce; give up (position, right, or responsibility)
- aberrant: abnormal or deviant
- aberration: deviation from the normal; mental disorder
- abet: assist usually in doing something wrong; encourage
- abeyance: suspended action
- abhor: detest; hate
- abject: (of a condition) wretched; as low as possible; lacking pride; very humble; showing lack of self-respect; Ex. abject apology
- abjure: renounce upon oath
- ablution: washing
- abnegation: renunciation; self-sacrifice; self-abnegation
- abolish: cancel; put an end to
- abominate: loathe; hate
- abominable: detestable; extremely unpleasant
- aboriginal: being the first of its kind in a region; primitive; native; indigenous; N. aborigine
- abortive: unsuccessful; fruitless
- abrasive: rubbing away; tending to grind down
- abridge: condense or shorten
- abrogate: abolish
- abscission: cutting off; separation
- abscond: depart secretly and hide
- absolute: complete; totally unlimited; having complete power; certain; not relative; Ex. absolute honesty/ruler; CF. absolutism
- absolve pardon (an offense)
- abstain: refrain; withhold from participation; intentionally not use one's vote
- abstemious: sparing in eating and drinking; temperate
- abstinence: restraint from pleasant things, esp. eating or drinking; CF. abstention: act of abstaining from vote
- abstract: theoretical; not concrete; nonrepresentational
- representational: (of a style of art) showing things as they actually appear in real life
- abstruse: obscure; profound; difficult to understand
- abusive: coarsely insulting; physically harmful
- abut: border upon; adjoin
- abysmal: bottomless
- abyss: enormous chasm; vast bottomless pit
- academic: related to a school; not practical or directly useful
- accede: agree
- accelerate: move faster
- accessible: easy to approach; obtainable
- accessory: additional object; useful but not essential thing
- acclaim: applaud; praise; greet with great approval; announce with great approval; Ex. The new drung has been acclaimed as the most important discoveries for years; N: strong expression of approval and praise
- acclimate: adjust to climate or environment; adapt
- acclivity: sharp upslope of a hill; OP. declivity
- accolade: award of merit; strong praise and approval
- merit: good quality deserving praise; merits: aspect of character or behavior deserving approval or disapproval; Ex. judge each plan on its own merits; V: deserve; earn
- demerit: fault; bad quality
- earn: gain for the performance of service or labor; gain (something that one deserves); deserve
- accommodate: oblige or help someone; adjust or bring into harmony; adapt; make enough space for; ADJ. accommodative; CF. accomodating: helpful and obliging
- accomplice: partner in crime
- accord: agreement
- accost: approach and speak first to a person
- accoutre: equip; N. accoutrement
- accretion: growth or increase in size by gradual addition; growth; increase; increase by natural growth; Ex. towers and other accretions of the castle; V. accrete
- accrue: come to one as a gain; accumulate over time; come about by addition; Ex. benefits that accrue from scientific research; Ex. interest accruing in a bank account; N. accrual
- acerbity: bitterness of speech and temper; ADJ. acerbic: bitter; acrid (in taste, manner, or tone)
- bitter: having a sharp biting taste; ¾´; causing sharp pain to the body or mind; filled with resentment, disappointment, or other unpleasant feelings; Ex. bitter wind/sorrow/tears
- biting: sharply painful to the body or mind; Ex. biting wind/remarks
- acetic: vinegary
- acidulous: slightly sour (in taste or manner); sharp; caustic
- acknowledge: recognize; admit
- n acme peak; pinnacle; highest point
- acoustics: science of sound; quality that makes a room easy or hard to hear in
- acquiesce: assent; agree passively; comply without protest
- acquittal: deliverance from a charge; V. acquit: free from a charge or accusation; discharge from a duty; conduct (oneself) in a specified manner
- acrid: bitter (to the taste or smell); sharp; bitterly pungent
- acrimonious: stinging; caustic; bitter in words or manner; N. acrimony: bitter ill-natured animosity in speech or behavior
- acrophobia: fear of heights
- actuarial: calculating; pertaining to insurance statistics
- actuary: someone who advises insurance companies
- actuate: motivate; activate; cause to act
- acuity: sharpness (of mind or senses of sight or hearing)
- acumen: mental keenness; sharpness of judgment; ability to judge quickly and well; Ex. business acumen
- acute: (of the senses) sharp; quickly perceptive; keen; penetrating; brief and severe; Ex. acute sense of smell/analysis/pain
- adage: wise saying; proverb
- proverb: adage; someone or something well known for notoriety; ADJ. proverbial: of a proverb; widely known; ADV. proverbially
- adamant: hard; inflexible
- adapt: make or become suitable for a specific use; alter; modify; adjust; N. adaptation: act of adapting; composition recast into a new form; Ex. The play is an adaption of a short novel.
- addendum: addition; appendix to book; something that is added (as at the end of a speech or book)
- addiction: compulsive habitual need
- addle: make or become confused; muddle; drive crazy; become rotten (egg)
- address direct a speech to; speak to; deal with or discuss; direct one's efforts or attention to; make with a destination; N: formal speech
- adept: expert at; very skilled
- adhere: stick fast; be a devotd follower; N. adhesion: adhering; devotion; loyality
- adherent: supporter; follower
- adjacent: adjoining; neighboring; close by
- adjoin: be next to
- adjourn: suspend until a later time; move from one place to another
- adjunct: something attached to but holding an inferior position
- adjuration: solemn urging; V. adjure: entreat earnestly; enjoin solemnly
- adjutant: staff officer assisting the commander; assistant
- admonish: warn or speak to with gentle disapproval; reprove
- adore: love deeply and respect highly
- adorn: decorate
- adroit: skillful (in using mind or hand)
- adulation: flattery; admiration that is more than is necessary or deserved
- adulterate: make impure or of poorer quality by adding inferior or tainted(contaminated) substances
- advent: arrival
- adventitious: accidental; casual; happening by chance
- adversary: opponent; enemy
- adverse: going against; opposing; unfavorable; hostile
- adversity: great hardship or affliction; misfortune; calamitous event
- advert: refer
- advocacy: support; active pleading on behalf of someone or something
- advocate: speak in favor of; support (an idea or plan); urge; plead for
- aegis: shield; protection; defense
- aerie(aery,eyrie,eyry): nest of a large bird of prey
- aesthetic: artistic; dealing with or capable of appreciating the beautiful (of a person or building); CF. aesthete; CF. aesthetics
- affable: easily approachable; easy to talk to; warmly friendly
- affected: artificial; pretended
- affidavit: written statement made under oath (for use as proof in a court of law)
- affiliation: joining; associating with
- affinity: feeling of kinship; similarity; Ex. strong affinity for her; Ex. many affinities between two languages
- affirmation: positive assertion; confirmation; solemn pledge by one who refuses to take an oath; V. affirm; ADJ. affirmative; CF. affirmative action: positive discrimination
- affliction: state of distress; trial; cause of distress or suffering; V. afflict: inflict grievous suffering on
- affluence: abundance; wealth
- affront: insult; offense; intentional act of disrespect; V: insult or hurt the feelings of intentionally
- agape: openmouthed
- agenda: items of business at a meeting
- agglomeration: collection; heap; V. agglomerate: gather into a rounded mass; N. aggolmeate: jumbled mass; heap
- aggrandize: make greater; increase in power, wealth, rank, or honor; N. aggrandizement:
- aggregate: sum; total; ADJ. V: gather into a mass or whole; accumulate; add up to; Ex. aggregate 100 dollars
- aghast: filled with great surprise or fear; horrified
- agility: nimbleness; ability to move quickly
- agitate: stir up; disturb
- agnostic: one who is skeptical of the existence or knowability of a god or any ultimate reality
- agog: highly excited; intensely curious
- agrarian: pertaining to land or its cultivation; Ex. agrarian reform
- alacrity: cheerful promptness without reluctance
- alchemy: medieval chemistry
- alcove: nook; recess
- alias: an assumed name esp. by a criminal (usually to mislead people); ADV. alias
- alienate: make unfriendly or hostile; estrange; separate; change the ownership of
- alimentary: supplying nourishment
- alimony: payments made regularly to an ex-spouse after divorce
- allay: calm; pacify
- allege: state without proof
- allegiance: loyalty
- allegory: story, play, or picture in which characters are used as symbols; fable
- alleviate: relieve (pain)
- alliteration: repetition of beginning sound in poetry
- allocate: assign; set apart for a particular purpose
- earmark: set aside (money or time) for a particular purpose
- alloy: mixture as of metals; something added that lowers in value or purity; V: mix; make less pure; lower in value or quality; spoil; CF. unalloyed: not in mixture with other maetals; pure; complete; unqualified; Ex. unalloyed happiness
- allude: refer indirectly; N. allusion: indirect reference
- allure: entice; attract; tempt
- siren: apparatus for making sounds; womanlike creature
- alluvial: pertaining to soil deposits left by running water
- aloof: apart; not open in one's relationship with other people; reserved; ADV.
- aloft: upward; high up in the air
- altercation: noisy quarrel
- altruistic: unselfishly generous; concerned for others; N. altiruism: unselfish concern for the welfare of others; unselfishness; OP. egoism
- amalgamate: (of societies or groups) combine; unite in one body
- amalgam: combination of different things; mixture of metals (containing mercury) used for filling holes in teeth
- amass: collect (gradually, in a very large amount)
- amazon: female warrior
- ambidextrous: capable of using either hand with equal ease
- ambience: environment; atmosphere; Ex. restraurant with a pleasant ambience; ADJ. ambient: completely surrounding; Ex. ambient temperature
- ambiguous: unclear or doubtful in meaning; having more than one possible interpretation
- ambivalence: the state of having contradictory or conflicting emotional attitudes or opinions
- amble: walking at an easy unhurried pace; V: walk slowly and aimlessly
- ambrosia: food of the gods
- nectar: drink of the gods; sweet liquid collected by bees
- ambulatory: able to walk
- ameliorate: improve
- amenable: obedient; compliant; readily managed; responsive; willing to be led; answerable or accountable legally; responsible; able to be tested by; Ex. amenable to sensible suggestions; Ex. He is very amenable; Ex. amenable to the usual tests
- amend: correct; change ; generally for the better
- amenities: convenient features that helps to make life pleasant; social courtesies
- amiable: agreeable; lovable; warmly friendly
- amicable: peaceful; politely friendly; not quarrelsome; Ex. amicable settlement
- amiss: wrong; faulty; Ex. something amiss; ADV.
- amity: friendship; peaceful relationship as between nations
- amnesia: loss of memory
- amnesty: pardon (allowed by government to political criminals)
- amoral: nonmoral; having no understanding of right and wrong
- amorous: moved by sexual love; loving; of sexual love; Ex. amorous advances
- amorphous: formless; lacking shape or definition
- amphibian: able to live both on land and in water; N.
- amphitheater: oval building with tiers of seats; CF. arena
- ample: enough; abundant; spacious; large in size; Ex. ample opportunity/garden; N. amplitude: quality of being ample; abundance; largeness of space
- amplify increase in size or effect; expand; broaden or clarify by expanding; intensify; make stronger; Ex. amplify one's remarks with a graph
- amputate: cut off part of body; prune (a limb)
- amok(amuck): in a state of rage; Ex. run amok
- amulet: charm; talisman; an object worn believed to protect against evil, bad luck
- anachronism: an error involving time in a story; something or someone misplaced in time; ADJ. anachronistic
- analgesic: causing insensitivity to pain; N.
- analgesia: condition of being unable to feel pain
- analogous: comparable; similar
- analogy: similarity; parallelism; comparing two similar things
- anarchist: person who seeks to overturn the established government; advocate of abolishing authority
- anarchy: absence of governing body; state of disorder
- anathema: solemn curse; someone or something regarded as a curse; V. anathematize
- ancestry: family descent; ADJ. ancestral
- anchor: secure or fasten firmly; be fixed in place; N. anchorage
- ancillary: serving as an aid or accessory; auxiliary; N.
- anecdote: short story of an amusing or interesting event
- anemia: condition in which blood lacks red corpuscles; ADJ. anemic
- anesthetic: substance that removes sensation with or without loss of consciousness; N. anesthesia
- anguish: acute pain; extreme suffering
- angular: sharp-cornered; having an angle; not rounded (body); bony; lean; gaunt; stiff in manner
- animadversion: critical remark; V. animadvert: comment critically with disapproval
- animated: lively; spirited
- animosity: active enmity
- animus: hostile feeling or intent; animosity; hostility; disposition
- annals: records arranged in yearly parts; history
- anneal: reduce brittleness and improve toughness by heating and cooling (metal or glass)
- annex: attach; add to a large thing; take possession of; incorporate (territory) into a larger existing political unit (by force); N: building added to a large one
- annihilate: destroy
- annotate: comment; make explanatory notes
- annuity: yearly allowance
- annul: make void
- elope: run away secretly with the intention of getting married
- anodyne: drug that relieves pain or trouble; ÁøÅëÁ¦; opiate; ADJ. Ex. anodyne statement
- anoint: consecrate; put oil on (in a religious ceremony)
- anomalous: abnormal; irregular
- anomaly: irregularity
- anonymity: state of being nameless; anonymousness; ADJ. anonymous
- antagonism: hostility; active opposition; V. antagonize: cause to become an enemy; N. antagonist: person who is opposed to another; opponent; adversary; principal character in oppostion to the protagonist
- protagonist: leader or noticeable supporter of an idea; chief character in a play or story
- antecede: precede
- antecedents: preceding events that influence what comes later; ancestors or early background
- antediluvian: antiquated; extremely ancient
- anthem: song of praise or patriotism; Ex. national anthem
- anthology: book of literary selections by various authors; CF. omnibus
- anthropoid: manlike; resembling a human being; N.
- anthropologist: student of the history and science of humankind
- anthropomorphic: having human form or characteristics
- anticlimax: letdown in thought or emotion; something unexciting, ordinary, or disappointing coming after something important or exciting
- antidote: remedy to counteract a poison or disease; Ex. antidote to the economic troubles
- antipathy: aversion; dislike or opposition
- antiquated: obsolete; old-fashioned; outdated
- antique: made in an earlier period and usu. valuable; N: object that was made in an earlier period and that is rare or valuable
- s antiquity quality of being very old; ancient times; °í´ë
- antiseptic: substance that prevents infection in a wound; ADJ.
- Antithesis: contrast; direct opposite of or to; ADJ. antithetic or antithetical
- antler: bony growth on the head of a deer
- anvil: iron block used in hammering out metals
- apathy: lack of caring; indifference; lack of concern or interest in important matters; Ex. He was sunk in apathy after his failure; ADJ. apathetic
- ape: imitate or mimic (a person's behavior or manner)
- aperture: opening; hole; adjustable opening in a camera that limits the amount of light
- apex: tip; summit; climax; highest point
- aphasia: loss of speech due to injury or illness
- aphorism: pithy maxim or saying; ADJ. aphoristic
- apiary: a place where bees are kept
- hive: box for bees; V: cause to go in a hive
- apiculture: bee-keeping
- apiarist: person who keeps bees
- aplomb: poise; composure in difficult situations; assurance; self-confidence
- poise: good judgment with composure; balance; V: place in a carefully balanced position
- apocalyptic: prophetic; pertaining to revelations especially of disaster; N. apocalypse
- apocryphal: (of a story) widely believed but untrue
- apogee: highest point; the point farthest from the earth; OP. perigee
- apolitical: having an aversion or lack of concern for political affairs
- apologist: one who writes in defense of a cause or institution; N. apologia
- apoplexy: stroke; loss of consciousness caused by too much blood in the brain
- apostate: one who abandons his religious faith or political beliefs; N. apostasy
- apothecary: druggist; pharmacist
- apothegm(apophthegm): pithy, compact saying
- apotheosis: elevation to godhood; an ideal example of something
- appall: dismay; shock deeply
- apparition: ghost; phantom
- appease: pacify or soothe; Ex. appease a crying baby; N. appeasement
- appellation: name; title
- append: attach
- application: diligent attention; diligence; V. apply oneself
- apposite: appropriate; fitting
- appraise: estimate value of; N. appraisal
- appreciate: be thankful for; increase in worth; be thoroughly conscious of; appreciable: enough to be felt; Ex. appreciable difference
- apprehend: arrest (a criminal); dread; perceive; N. apprehension
- apprehensive: fearful; discerning
- apprise: inform
- approbation: approval
- appropriate: acquire; take possession of for one's own use without permission; set aside for a particular purpose; allocate; CF. misappropriate
- appurtenances: subordinate possessions; something added to a more important thing
- apropos: with reference to; regarding; Ex. remarks apropos (of) the present situation; ADJ. ADV.
- aptitude: fitness; talent
- aquiline: curved; hooked; of or like an eagle; Ex. aquiline nose
- arable: fit for growing crops; Ex. arable land
- arbiter: person with power to decide a matter in dispute; judge who is in a position to make influential judgments; Ex. supreme arbiter of fashion in beachware
- arbitrary: unreasonable or capricious; random; tyrannical; Ex. arbitrary ruler
- arbitrate: act as judge (at the request of both sides)
- arboretum: place where different trees and shrubs are studied and exhibited
- arboreal: of or living in trees
- arcade: a covered passageway usually lined with shops
- arcane: esoteric; secret; mysterious; known only to the initiated; Ex. arcane ritual; Ex. arcane process closed to the uninitiated listener
- archaeology: study of artifacts and relics of early mankind
- archaic: antiquated; no longer used; belonging to the past; N.
- archetype: prototype; primitive pattern
- arch- chief; first; Ex. archbishop
- archipelago: group of closely located islands
- archives: public records; place where public records are kept
- ardor: heat; passion; zeal; ADJ. ardent
- arduous: hard; strenuous; Ex. arduous work
- argot: slang; speech spoken by only a small group of people
- aria: operatic solo; a song sung by one person in an opera or oratorio
- arid: (of land) dry; barren; unproductive
- aristocracy: hereditary nobility; privileged class; government by nobility; N. aristocrat
- armada: fleet of warships
- aromatic: fragrant; having a sweet smell; N. aroma: strong pleasant smell
- arraign: charge in court; indict
- array: marshal; draw up in order; arrange in order; clothe splendidly; adorn; N: fine clothes; ordered group; Ex. in battle array
- arrears: being in debt; money that should have been paid; work that should have been done
- arrhythmic: lacking rhythm or regularity; N. arrhythmia
- arrogance: pride; haughtiness; ADJ. arrogant: unpleasantly self-important (with a strong confidence in one's own importance and a lack of respect for other people)
- arroyo: gully; narrow channel formed by rainwater
- artery: blood-vessel; CF. vein
- articulate: effective; distinct; expressing ideas clearly; having clear sounds; having joints; Ex. articulate speech; V: express thoughts and feeling clearly; pronounce clearly; unite by joints
- arsenal: storage place for military equipment
- artifacts: object made by human beings, either hand-made or mass-produced
- artifice: deception; trickery
- artisan: a manually skilled worker
- artless: without guile; open and honest
- ascendancy: controlling influence; position of controlling influence; CF. in the ascendant
- ascertain: find out for certain; make certain
- ascetic: practicing self-denial; avoiding physical pleasures and comforts; austere; Ex. ascetic life of Buddhist monks; N. asceticism
- ascribe: refer; attribute; assign
- aseptic: preventing infection; having a cleansing effect
- ashen: ash-colored; deadly pale
- asinine: stupid; Ex. asinine remarks
- askance: with a sideways or indirect look (with disapproval or distruct); Ex. look askance at
- askew: crookedly; slanted; at an angle
- asperity: sharpness; roughness; severity (of temper or weather); Ex. Asperities: of a Russian winter
- aspersion: slanderous remark; Ex. cast aspersions on
- aspirant: seeker after position or status
- aspire: seek to attain (position or status); long for; Ex. aspire to become president; Ex. aspire to/after the leadership
- assail: assault
- assay: analyze (to discover what materials are present); evaluate (soil or ore)
- assent: agree; accept; N. assessment
- assert: state strongly or positively; demand recognition of (rights, claims, etc.); make a claim to (by forceful action); Ex. assert one's independence
- assiduous: diligent
- assimilate: absorb; take (food) into the body and digest it; understand (knowledge) completely and be able to use properly; cause to become homogeneous (the people of a country or race in the wasy of behaving or thinking)
- assuage: make less severe; ease or lessen (pain); satisfy (hunger); soothe (anger)
- assumption: something taken for granted; the taking over or taking possession of; Ex. her assumption of power; V. assume
- regent: a person who governs in place of a ruler who is ill, absent, or still a child; ADJ. Ex. the Prince regent
- assurance: firm statement that something is certainly true; promise or pledge; certainty; confidence in one's own ability; self-confidence; Ex. In spite of all his assurances, he did not come back; Ex. assurance of his loyalty; Ex. The teacher lacked assurance in fron of his class; V. assure; tell firmly with confidence; ensure; make (something) certain to heappen; make (someone) feel sure; give confidence to; ADJ. assured: self-assured; confident in one's own ability; showing certainty
- asteroid: small planet
- astigmatism: eye defect which prevents proper focus; OP. stigmatism
- astral: relating to the stars
- astringent: binding; causing contraction (stopping bleeding); harsh or severe; stringent; Ex. astringent criticism
- astronomical: enormously large or extensive
- astute: wise; shrewd; keen; seeing quickly something that is to one's advantage
- asunder: into parts; apart; V. sunder
- asylum: place of refuge or shelter; protection (religious or political)
- asymmetric: not identical on both sides of a dividing central line
- atavism: resemblance to remote ancestors rather than to parents; reversion to an earlier type; throwback; ADJ. atavistic
- atheistic: denying the existence of God; N. atheism
- atone: make amends for; pay for; Ex. atone for
- atrocity: brutal deed; ADJ. atrocious
- atrophy: wasting away; V: weaken and lose flesh and muscle (through lack of blood or lack of use)
- attentive: alert and watchful; listening carefully; paying attention; considerate; thoughtful; politely helpful; Ex. attentive audience; Ex. He was attentive to the old lady; N. attentions: act of courtesy and consideration
- attenuate: make thin; weaken
- attest: testify; bear witness
- attribute: essential quality; V: ascribe; explain
- attrition: rubbing away by friction; gradual decrease in numbers or strength; reduction in the work force without firing employees; wearing away of opposition by means of harassment; Ex. a war of attrition
- atypical: not normal; not typical
- audacious: daring; bold; N. audacity
- audit: examination of accounts of a business; official examination; V.
- augment: increase; add to
- augury: omen; prophecy; sign of coming events; V. augur: predict; foretell; be a sign of (something in future)
- august: impressive; majestic
- aureole: sun's corona; halo; bright circle of light
- auroral: pertaining to the aurora borealis; CF. aurora australis
- auspicious: favoring success; giving signs of future success; Cf. auspices
- austere: forbiddingly stern; ascetic; without comfort or enjoyment; severely simple and unornamented; Ex. a monk's austere life; Ex. austere grandeur of the cathedral; N. austerity
- authenticate: prove genuine
- authoritarian: subordinating the individual to the state; completely dominating another's will; Ex. authoritarian regime/father
- authoritative: having the weight of authority; regarded as providing knowledge that can be trusted; reliable; peremptory and dictatorial; Ex. authoritative dictionary/manner; CF. definitive
- autocratic: having absolute unchecked power; dictatorial; N. autocrat, autocracy:
- automaton: mechanism that imitates actions of humans; machine that works by itself
- autonomous: self-governing; N. autonomy
- autopsy: examination of a dead body; postmortem; V.
- auxiliary: offering or providing help; additional or subsidiary; N: helper; assistant
- avalanche: great mass of falling snow and ice
- avarice: greediness for wealth
- avenge: take vengence for something or on behalf of someone; Ex. They avenged his death by burning the village; Ex. He swore to avenge his brother; Ex. They avenged themselves on their enemy.
- aver: state confidently; declare as true
- averse: reluctant; disinclined; not liking or opposed; Ex. averse to cats/doing the house work
- aversion: firm dislike
- avert: prevent; avoid; turn away (eyes or thought); Ex. An accident was averted by his quick thinking; Ex. She averted her eyes from the terrible sight.
- aviary: enclosure for birds; large cage
- avid: greedy; extremely eager for; Ex. avid learner; N. avidity
- avocation: secondary or minor occupation
- avow: declare openly; N. avowal
- avuncular: of or like an uncle
- awe: solemn wonder; feeling of respect mixed with wonder and fear; V: fill with awe; ADJ. awesome
- awful: terrible; very bad
- awl: pointed tool used for piercing
- awry: distorted; crooked; bent; Ex. Our plans have gone awry.
- axiom: self-evident truth requiring no proof
- azure: sky blue








I found a list online, and I'm slowly editing it to make it usable as a list for students to study from and for teachers to teach from.